SOURCES OF HISTORY_TOPIC 1_HISTORY FORM 1

SOURCES OF HISTORY

Refers to the avenues that can be used to get historical information. It requires inter-disciplinary Sources of history approach in order to get the actual historical information.

Therefore, the following are sources of history/historical knowledge:

a)   Oral tradition

b)  Historical sites

c)   Written records/documents

d)  Archives

e)   Museums

f)    Archeology

g)  Audio- visual record, e.g. Cassets, Cd’s, and TV programs etc.

h)  Anthropology

i)     Linguistics

1.  ORAL TRADITION

This involves the passing information by word of mouth through talking and listening. Oral tradition passes historical information into two ways

a)   Through culture practices like art, music, religion, riddles, songs, proverbs, superstition, poems and stories.

b)  Narration of past events.

FUNCTION OF ORAL TRADITION

·        It preserves historical information of society

·        I t collects and pass historical information between generations in the society.

·        It helps researchers in data collection.

ADVANTAGES OF ORAL TRADITION

·        It preserve and reveal historical information which are not recorded

·        Both illiterate and literate people can obtain historical information.

·        Within oral tradition, there are warning and teachings.

·        Is the easiest and cheapest method of obtaining information?

·        It is live source, since it involves physical interaction.

DISADVANTAGES OF ORAL TRADITION

1.      It needs much attention and power of memory

2.      False information can be given by storyteller.

3.      Narration of historical events are centered to those people of status i.e. Kings, Queens, Chief. White talking little about common society.

4.      There is a language problem when narrator uses vernacular language.

5.      It is difficult to distinguish what is real and what is imaginary information.

6.      Translation is very difficult because some languages are no longer in existence.

   3. HISTORICAL SITES

   Are special places where by the past human remains can be found and shown to the public.  It is a place where the remains of once lived human in the past can be found.

  They comprise man’s physical development, tools that were made and used from time to time. In these areas we find /see past human products and animal bones.

  Examples of historical sites in Tanzania include Isimila, Olduvai George, Kondoa Irangi, Bagamoyo, Zanzibar, Kilwa, Mafia, Engaruka, Kagera etc

   

    In Uganda Nsongezi, Biggo, Ntubi, Rusinga Island, Magosi and Ishago.

   

    In Kenya. Lake Rudolf (Turkana), Lake Naivasha, Njoro, Olongesailie, Lake Magadi, Lamu, Mombasa and mt. Kenya

A MAP TO SHOW HISTORICAL SITES IN EAST AFRICA 

FUNCTIONS OF HISTORICAL SITES

(a) Preserves historical information for the coming generations.

(b) They are useful sources of information and to reconstruct history.

(c) They are the symbols of social cultural heritage to the society concern past human tools, rock, paints etc

    DISADVANTAGES OF HISTORICAL SITES

    1.     They help for practical historical learning e.g. through observation of past human tools, rock, paints.

    2.      Used to reveal past settlement patterns, levels of technology, economic development of political organization reached by the past societies.

    3.      Acts as centers of tourism.

   4.      They helps in transforming theoretical teaching of history to practical historical learning.

    5.      It acts as the resource centers to researchers.

    6.      It provides employment opportunities e.g.: guiders

    DISADVANTAGES OF HISTORICAL SITES

(i) It brings confusion to interpret the remains found in historical sites

(ii) Many of historical sites are found on remote areas hence difficult for many people to visit them.

3. ARCHAEOLOGY

This refers to the scientific study of past human remain.

It is the study of material remains of man’s past through scientific methods. The one specializes in archeology is called ARCHAEOLOGIST. Archaeology involves excavations (digging) of the remains of man’s past historical sites and interpretation.

The famous archaeologist in East Africa was Dr. Louis Leaky with his wife Mary Leakey. Archaeology involves the use of carbon 14 dating to determine plants and animal remains.

FUNCTIONS OF ARCHAEOLOGY

(a)  Gives important information about man through different stages.

(b)                It is a useful method of revealing soil covered historical remains.

(c) It arouse curiosity of searching past man historical information.

   

   ADVANTAGES OF ARCHAEOLOGY

   

   (a)It helps people to know when and how people lived in a certain place.

   (b)               Past objects tell us about the life and culture of past people.

  (c)   It helps us to know and reveal the technology, pastoral, agricultural and commercial activities of the past man.

  (d)               Through excavation, we get knowledge of artifacts e.g. Pottery, building etc.

  (e) It reveals religious beliefs of the past man

  (f)    We can compliment other sources of information through archaeology e.g. History

  (g)                We can know the past relationship between different people such as trading activities, migration, marriage, birth, death and political relation.

    DISADVANTAGES OF ARCHAEOLOGY

·         It consumes time because of excavation.

·         It cannot reveal the past people’s language.

·         It cannot give out the out reasons for historical events such as wars.

·         It needs full experts and advanced technology.

·         Poorly interpreted remains can bring false information

-            It cannot tell anything about the past social organization

4. ARCHIVES

These are places where collection of public and private documents and old record are preserved. These documents includes personal letters, early travelers and missionary records, traders writings, personal and government files, political parties documents, etc.

 FUNCTIONS OF ARCHIVES

      ·        Archives preserve public and private records that have enduring value to the society.

       ·        The public makes the records in archives available for use.

       ·        However not all records can be viewed by everyone.

     ·        Archives collect records of enduring value from various places. For example, the nation archives have records from different regions of the country.

        ·        The archives staff maintains registers of the record in the archives.

      ·        Archives have facilities for restoring damaged documents of enduring value.

      ·        Archives have facilities for restoring damaged documents of enduring value.

·        The historical information in the archives ensures continuity. For example, company policies from previous years can still guide the employee today.

ADVANTAGES OF ARCHIVES

·        Easy to identify ideas and literacy level of the past man.

·        It is easy to identify the exact date of historical event.

·        It used to store historical information.

·        Easy to get historical information from different places and different people.

DISADVANTAGES OF ARCHIVES

·        It may lead false information, if author is biased.

·        Illiterate people cannot get historical information.

·        It is not easy to get information of society whose information is not documented.

·        It is difficult to get remote information from archives.

·        It is non renewable once disrupted either by wind or o

5. MUSEUMS

These are places or buildings where information and objects are preserved it involves all terms, which shows culture, political economic and technological development from the past to the present.  

Objects can be early coins, clothes, and mineral cowries, religious and ceremonial symbols. Museum can be national, Regional, District and village. e.g. National Museums in Dar es Salaam, Bagamoyo, Butiama, Kalenga Iringa.

FUNCTIONS OF MUSEUMS

·        Preserve historical documents and objects.

·        Shows concrete remains of objects.

·        It is the place for tourist and study tour.

·        It is the center for cultural and national identity.

ADVANTAGES OF MUSEUMS

·        It preserves objects, which are used as the teaching aids.

·        Museum preserves culture and national identity.

·        It used by researcher (source of information)

·        It acts as tourist center.

·         People learn about technological development.

·        Enable learners to arouse creativity.

DISADVANTAGES OF MUSEUMS

·        It needs knowledgeable people.

·        It is possible to distort information through biases by the museum attendant.

·        Poor preservation of the past items e.g. coins, pieces of cloth, slaves chain can distort information.

·        It needs extensive care to maintain its beauty or origin.

6. WRITTEN RECORDS

Are the documents, which comprise written historical information. This includes books, letters, maps, magazines, journal, newspaper, minutes of meetings and conferences. Written records can be found in libraries, schools, colleges, universities, internet cafes, offices etc.

FUNCTIONS OF WRITTEN RECORDS

·        Written records provide pictures of society.

·    These records reflect public opinion at the time of writing. For example, the letter to the editor in newspaper expresses the readers’ feelings on current issues.

·   Written records serve as stores of a large variety of information, including discoveries, government policies, statements, religious beliefs, fashion, speeches and agreement.

·        In-depth reports of daily events are kept as written records. For example in a diary, newspaper or biography.

ADVANTAGES OF WRITTEN RECORDS

·         It is easy to get information.

·         Easy to make references

·         It is helpful in doing researches.

·         They can be kept for long time.

DISADVANTAGES OF WITTEN RECORDS

v It can give false information if they are biased by the author

v It is difficult to read everything from written records

v They are subject to be badly written.

v Illiterate people cannot get information.

   7.  LINGUISTICS

  Is scientific study and analysis of language. It includes study of sound, structure, information and relationship between various language groups.

ADVANTAGES OF LINGUISTICS

v It helps to get information from various sources.

v Enables to discover links between different people.

v It helps to determine dates f historical event e.g. “Aluta continua” (Period of struggle for independence in Mozambique)

LIMITATIONS OF LINGUISTICS

v It consumes time and finance learning a particular language

v Through translation, one can commit some important work.

v The present language may be corrupted.

   8. ANTHROPOLOGY

   Is the study of the society’s cultural systems, beliefs, ideas etc. The study can give important information about movements, settlements and production activities of the past.